Presentations

Minnesota has been recognized as the second most bike-friendly state in the U.S. but agencies are aiming higher. Learn about the new state bikeways plan, a plan to create the bikeway version of a trunk highway plan for the Twin Cities metro area and a progressive plan for the state’s most populous county, Hennepin.

Building an even more bike-friendly Minnesota Minnesota by Dorian Grilley

Minnesota bicycle system plan by Tim Mitchell

Hennepin County 2040 Bicycle Transportation Plan by Kelley Yemen

* AICP continuing education applied for.

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Why was the first Winter Cycling Congress launched in Oulu in 2013? How did Winnipeg 2014 and Leeuwarden 2015 happen? What have been the influences of hosting the congress in Oulu, Winnipeg and Leeuwarden? What is Winter Cycling Federation (WCF) and what are the goals of the organization?

The future of the Winter Cycling Federation by Timo Perälä

Introducing the Winter Cycling Federation by Timo Perälä

What happened in Oulu WCC13 to WCC16 by Timo Perälä

We are familiar with the initiatives in big cities. What happens to support active communities in small towns and rural regions? This session will share three examples that support how to build it and bike it. You will hear about an innovative approach to SRTS in Iowa, a self-organized walking school bus program in Minnesota, and new design guide for rural and small towns.

Small town and rural bicycle and pedestrian design guide by Rebecca Gleason & Taylor Lonsdale

This panel will focus on the policies and infrastructure that have supported everyday cycling cultures in the Netherlands and Finland. What can other places learn from the successes and mistakes of other cities that are bicycle-friendly all year-round?

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Picket is the key by Kalle Vaismaa

My best winter cycling experience by Herbert Tiemens

* AICP continuing education credit.

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Our expert panelists will discuss why equal access to the transportation system is critical not only for mobility, it is essential for community health, economic prosperity and justice for all. They will discuss how transportation is linked to education, health and income opportunities and how mobility is a cornerstone of social and economic quality of life. They will describe how they: create inclusive public outreach; connect with people typically left out of transportation decisions; and expand conversations to include health, civil rights and equal opportunity.

Minneapolis has a variety of new bike facilities to maintain in winter. We will start by looking at a new facility that features a two-way protected bike lane on an arterial street near the University. We will follow this project from feasibility and design, including community engagement, construction and the beginning of the first winter. We’ll also touch on plans for expansion, other bicycle facilities, and other topics including budgeting, design, and maintenance.

A year in the life of a protected bike lane by Matthew Dyrdahl & Mike Kennedy

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

This discussion will focus on barriers, opportunities and successful experience integrating bicycles and public transportation in the U.S. and the Netherlands. Learn about the challenges and opportunities associated with winter bike-share, a bike facility assessment study of the new Southwest Light-Rail Line in Minneapolis, and the successful integration of bicycles and trains in low-density parts of the Netherlands, including Houten.

Twin Cities transit bike integration by Ciara Schlichting

Winter weather bikeshare by Jennifer Toole

Building a city for bikes and trains by Herbert Tiemens

Rural and resort towns are innovators in winter cycling. Hear success stories from Minnesota’s Iron Range and Sun Valley, Idaho. Learn how a reclaimed mine has been transformed into Cuyuna Country State Recreation Area – a mountain and fat biking destination – and how leading-edge fat bike grooming techniques developed in Minnesota are supporting expanding wintertime recreation.

Creating a big time winter cycling destination in small town USA by Adam Hautala

Finding fat bike harmony in Sun Valley by Andrew Besold

Open Streets has proven to deepen community engagement and create lasting change in neighborhoods and city streets through the removal of vehicle traffic. Working with 3 experts in the Open Streets movement we’ll start with tools of successful placemaking and lead an interactive workshop where you’ll design & build your own idea of what placemaking is. You’ll leave with the tools to empower and inspire placemaking in a whole new way.

Winter cycling doesn’t have to be an extreme activity for only a select group of warriors. Hear stories from Finland and Minnesota about campaigns, programs and approaches that meet people where they are and help them start experiencing all the benefits associated with year-round cycling.

Winter cycling to work campaign Finland by Matti Hirvonen

Bikeways succeed or fail based on the comfort and safety of their intersections. Learn about intersection safety concerns, conventional treatments to mitigate risk, and the latest from on-the-ground installations of protected intersections. With simple geometric and operational adjustments, designers can raise the bar for designing safer and more accessible streets.

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Bikeway intersection design practices in Minneapolis by Simon Blenski

Protected intersection case studies by Nick Falbo

Protected intersection slideshow by Nick Falbo

The evolution of the City of Davis protected intersection by Dave Kemp

The protected intersection by Nick Falbo

Bike Traffic Signals Minneapolis by Steve Mosing

* Approved for AICP continuing education credit.

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

How does winter, with its shorter days and colder weather, affect the cycling habits between gender and age groups? Based on participation data from a campus bike incentive program, we’ll summarize local trends and discuss how, emotionally and practically, we might better engage and encourage a diverse winter cycling culture.

How can we design streets that are safe and inviting for cyclists year-round but also efficient to maintain? The purpose of this workshop is to allow individuals interested in urban design and bicycle infrastructure to exchange ideas on street design and maintenance strategies to enable cycling in winter cities. The workshop will begin with a presentation on cycling infrastructure design and maintenance challenges and will be followed by a practical exercise. A street near the conference venue will be chosen as a case study. After a brief field tour, participants will brainstorm on design concepts and maintenance strategies for the chosen street. The workshop will be animated by experts from Oulu (Finland), Vancouver, and Montreal – cities with very different winter conditions and therefore different design and maintenance challenges. Participants will be encouraged to share knowledge on design strategies and maintenance practices from their own cities.

* AICP continuing education applied for.

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Montréal is often-recognized as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in North America, despite it’s famously snowy winters. The presentations in this session will look at the state of winter cycling in Montréal and the challenges the City faces in operating a four season cycling network. Recent improvements to maintenance practices and street design, and plans for further improvements in the future, will be discussed.

Winter cycling the example of Montreal by Marc-André Gadoury

Enabling winter cycling in Montreal by Bartek Komorowski

* AICP continuing education approved

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

This session will give participants an opportunity to see the planned site of a cutting-edge project, which will convert low-traffic residential streets into a park-like trail. Participants will learn about the visioning, planning and implementation of this project, including the strong community engagement process.

People with bicycles can serve their community in times of disaster. In this winter event, participants will cover up to 30 miles finding checkpoints, performing emergency relief tasks, transporting supplies and gathering information. Three types of relief will be demonstrated: 1) Moving Stuff (40lb of sand – carrying the load), 2) Getting There Fast (covering territory quickly), 3) Going Anywhere (fat tire heaven). SIGN-UP HERE

Learn why language is so important to getting more people on bikes in the winter and specifically how words affect perceptions of both weather and bicycling. Then, learn about specific examples of winter bicycling tactics, and learn to be able to describe differences in bicycling populations in new ways, based more on subjective differences than technical skill.

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Wonderful words of winter by Glenn Kubish

Winter bicycling as holistic change by Bill Lindeke

Them’s bikin’ words by Dan Patterson

Get a behind-the-scenes look at winter maintenance preparations, methods, machinery, quality standards and requirements in Oulu, Finland, the world’s best winter cycling city. Then hear about examples from several other Nordic cities in a presentation defining and describing the process of high-quality winter maintenance and highlighting the factors that lead to success.

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Small Midwestern cities are doing great things with bike-share. Learn about the planning that’s gone into developing Madison B-cycles new winter pilot. The unique model that helped Great Rides Fargo set a U.S. record for the most number (20!) of new rides per bike per day and gain insight into demand for more. Results of a new feasibility study about keeping Great Rides operational through the winter will also be presented.

Great Rides bike share Fargo by Sara Watson Curry

Great Rides bike share extension through winter by Ali Rahim Taleqani

Winter Cycling Madison BCycle by Martha Laugen

Gain a better understanding of the weather variables that really influence cycling habits as well as policies for planning around the weather. Learn about how new cycling facilities are being maintained in Chicago during the winter and the way good management and communication result in high-quality winter maintenance in Nordic countries.

Amending cycling policies to overcome weather barriers by William Hyerle

A real icebreaker by Kaisa Karhula

* AICP continuing education approved

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

This presentation will share examples of building power for bicyclists by creating a successful bicycle advisory committee within government, and a successful bicycle advocacy organization outside of government. We will present in-depth case studies on the formation of the Minneapolis Bicycle Advisory Committee (BAC) and Minneapolis Bicycle Coalition.

Building Power for Bicyclists by Robin Garwood, Lisa Bender, Nick Mason & Ethan Fawley

The arts are immensely powerful in shaping our perceptions and world view. Hear about how music, photography, writing and film are playing a role in promoting bicycling and how advocates can harness that power to win hearts and minds.

Parents, professionals and average joes, it turns out. This panel mixes personal experience with discussion about system user needs and bike facility performance in variable weather and road conditions and highlights policy ideas employers and local governments could enact to support people who are ready to live car-free or car-light lifestyles.

Car-free by choice family style by Rachel Widome

How I roll by Dan Patterson

Let’s focus on the need for better urban trip-end bike parking facilities.  We will cover how a bike center – a public facility offering membership-based access to secure bike parking, showers, lockers, bike repair, and food/beverage service – can encourage “interested but concerned” folks to use their bikes for basic transportation.

Download the presentation: Trip-end facilities for all users, in all climates

Results will be presented from studies of a method for snow clearance and salt for de-icing cycle paths in Swedish municipalities using a front-mounted power broom. Friction measurements, road condition observations and the experience of maintenance operators will be discussed along with salt measurements and strategies to reduce the environmental impact of using salt.

Salt for skid control on cycle paths by Anna Niska & Göran Blomqvist

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

The Twin Cities cycling culture is comprised of many types of riders – commuters, racers, messengers, touring cyclists etc. Despite a shared practice of riding bikes, bicycle users possess unique identities including race, gender and sexual identities, and economic and class backgrounds which may be at odds with mainstream images and preconceived cultural notions about who rides a bike and why. This panel will engage our audience in a discussion about how to best include everyone who ride bikes in our community. As a small bonus, we will present the results of the minneapolize winter cycling survey.

Queers like me by EG Nelson

Winter is not stopping bicycle-friendly developments in Saskatoon, Winnipeg and Ottawa. Gain insight into the process that resulted in the planning of all ages and abilities minimum grids in Saskatoon and Winnipeg. Understand the built environment in Ottawa and the challenges and opportunities it offers to families who bike.

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Winter cargo biking with kids by Lana Stewart

Family cargo biking in winter in Ottawa, Ontario by Kate Whitfield

How can children be enabled as winter cyclists? Learn how winter was actually an ally in Safe Routes to School planning in Minnesota. Kids in the Netherlands bike year-round. Learn how this is made possible and what role parents play. Finally, learn about a program developed in Winnipeg for seeding bike repair and riding programs in schools and communities.

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Bold Bikers by Angela van der Kloof

Seeding community bike repair & riding programs 2016.2 by Geoff Heath

Minneapolis Public School (MPS) staff will discuss trailblazing Safe Routes to School (SRTS) efforts in MPS such as Winter Walk Day, the Walking Routes for Youth Map, the Bus Stop & Walk, and school bicycle fleets. Then we’ll hear from teachers and students in MPS who lead arguably the most accomplished elementary school bicycle group in the state, Pillsbury Pedal Power. The group will share some of their wisdom and accomplishments, and then the students will take us out for a ride. We’ll visit the students’ favorite spots on our way to Pillsbury Community School in Northeast Minneapolis where we’ll stop for a warm-up and a tour before heading back in time to join the bicycle parade.  This FUN session will provide an inspiring example of student leadership.

Download the presentation: Come biking with Minneapolis Public Schools

There is a deep rooted idea of the bicycling season as an “April to October” affair, seen in media representation and on our bike paths, and we intend to present on methods to challenge that perception. Part one of the presentation will include a moderated discussion with 3-4 experts who can speak to their own progress on extending the bicycling season. Part two of the presentation is an interactive small group challenge in which participants will generate original ideas to help communities extend the season. To conclude, participants will discuss the results of the interactive challenge as a large group. The desired outcome is to expose participants to new methods of engagement – and to inspire community action when participants leave the workshop.

The goals of the session are to share insights and lessons learned related to both operating a bike share system during winter months (Chicago, Cambridge, NYC), and the challenges that preclude other system from year-round operations (Minneapolis, Boston). Three panelists will tackle the questions of what works and what doesn’t.

To be or not to be a winter bike share system by Tony Desnick

Winter Bike Share by Phil Goff

The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board and Three Rivers Park District operate over 200 miles of bicycle trails throughout Minneapolis and Hennepin County. During this panel discussion with field staff, discussion will cover the cost of doing business and examine how the Minneapolis region maintains this extensive network of off-road facilities. Panelist will also discuss mountain bike trail maintenance and highlight some of the innovative ways in which the DIY approach to winter grooming equipment has produced great results.

Download the presentation here: Winter maintenance of trails

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Universities are often places of innovation, no less so when it comes to planning and maintaining facilities for biking and walking. Learn how other campuses with harsh winter climates are adapting best practices for network design, promoting cycling and dealing with snow and ice removal.

Reinventing snow and ice removal in an urban environment by Doug Lauer

Learning from your neighbor by Ian Hall & Dylan Harris

Maintaining innovation on campus by Aaron Fodge

* AICP continuing education approved

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

The workshop includes four short presentations and a discussion drawing on the experience of the audience. The need for follow-up methods and lack of tools and measures currently available to those charged with maintaining cycle paths and sidewalks in the winter will be discussed along with test results of anti- and de-icing salts and their effectiveness. An open-source portable device for calculating salt dose needed will be introduced and a final presentation will discuss follow-up needed from the point-of-view of cyclists.

The need for follow-up methods and the lack of tools by Anna Niska, Göran Blomqvist, Ida Järlskog & Emelie Karlsson

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Learn how to engage your community with an interactive skill share presented by Grease Rag Ride and Wrench, a Minneapolis-based organization that creates safer spaces for women/trans/femme identifying cyclists. Participants will plan a sample skill share, create a poster to promote it, and receive feedback about their event.

Friction measurements are one way to assess the service level achieved through winter maintenance. In part one, a portable friction tester (PFT) will be introduced and its application discussed and demonstrated. PFTs measure variations in skid resistance due to winter road conditions, paving materials and design features. Then, results about the grip of regular and studded bicycle tires and their grip on ice will be presented. In part two, an engineer will discuss the design of fat tires and the considerations made to perform in a wide variety of unique environments. In part three, participants will get a chance to try riding on different types of bicycles, including those with studded, fat and regular tires.

Bicycle braking friction measurements on winter roads by Katja-Pauliina Rekilä

Bicycle braking friction in winter conditions by Anna Niska & Mattias Hjort

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Winter cycling in resort communities isn’t only for sport. Parking and congestion are often exasperated in resort communities when the snow falls and the visitors and seasonal workers arrive, while trip distances are often short though lacking good wayfinding and pedestrian connectivity. This panel will feature mobility leaders from resort communities that have become bike-friendly by accident and by initiative.

Winter Cycling Presentation by Stewart Osgood

* AICP continuing education approved

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Take West River Pkwy to the Cedar Lake Trail to Venture North. Grab a coffee and learn more about this non-profit and how they advance health and transportation equity in Minneapolis.

Hear three complimentary perspectives on how to effectively get – and keep – more people bicycling throughout the year. Dave Weiner will discuss how focusing on recreational cyclists can boost the numbers of people bicycling overall. Kurt Barclay will discuss the latest trends in dressing comfortably for winter. Geoff Kisch will talk about his experiment riding through the winter in thrift store finds.

Thrift store winter wear by Geoff Kisch

Priority bicycles by Dave Weiner

Suburbs can be bicycle-friendly too. Learn lessons from increasingly bicycle suburbs in the Twin Cities area – like Richfield a suburb of Minneapolis. Then learn about approaches to land use planning that are making winter maintenance easier in low-density areas of Finland where mode share for cycling is comparatively high.

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Land use is the bed by Kalle Vaismaa

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Learn how the bicycle has been a tool for improving quality of life and building a diverse and empowered community of people who ride bikes. Hear from instructors, students and volunteers about the important role nonprofit organizations have played in promoting bicycling –particularly through adult learn to ride courses – in three very different cites: Detroit, Minneapolis and Amsterdam.

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A view from Minneapolis by Sheldon Mains

Bicycle lessons by Angela van der Kloof

Biking builds equity, case study of Detroit by Mehri Mohebbi

This “Train the Trainer” workshop will be an interactive, collaborative and instructional experience in which we will share our best practices on winter cycling education, as we co-develop a Winter Cycling 101 class built on our collective expertise. This workshop is also suitable for someone who just wants to learn about winter cycling.

Making the case for winter bicycling starts with demonstrating that the activity is significant and that changes in weather may deter but do not prohibit bicycling. Learn about data collections practices in the Twin Cities, City of Minneapolis and State of Minnesota, plus research from University of Manitoba-Winnipeg and the legacy of the Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program – Bike Walk Twin Cities.

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What has data allowed us to do? by Simon Blenski

Using technology to quantify winter cycling by Adam Budowski

* Approved for AICP continuing education credit.

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

Gain insight into trail use from a report covering 14 U.S. cities and understand how weather effects trail traffic in different parts of the U.S. Hear how Anchorage is implementing its bicycle and pedestrian plans, and learn from challenges faced there related to implementation and maintenance. Learn some dos and don’ts from Boulder’s experience implementing bicycle infrastructure and ideas for overcoming opposition to new bicycling infrastructure.

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Demand for cycling by Greg Lindsey

Tactical Urbanism_Winter Cycling Congress by Dave Kemp

Planning for bicyclists and pedestrians in Anchorage by Joni Wilm

* Accepted as AICP continuing education credit.

** State laws and regulations for professional engineering and landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved in areas besides planning, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.

How can exercise improve physical, mental, and emotional well-being? In this session, we will discuss research on the effects of cycling on health outcomes and transportation policy. We will also talk about reaching out to communities to improve awareness of cycling as a treatment component, and what happens when people incorporate cycling into their health program.

Duluth is a northern Minnesota town on the shores of Lake Superior. To become a more vibrant, healthy, and active community, Duluth has invested in bicycling. Learn lessons from a campaign to get bicycling included on “main street” as well as the importance of coalition-building and partnerships between larger and local organizations. Also learn the story behind the development of Duluth’s year-round, off-road mountain bike trail development as tool for building community and driving the economy.

Duluth bike planning by Shawna Mullen & Brian Downing

Duluth urban outdoor adventure by Hansi Johnson

Take West River Parkway to the beautiful frozen Minnehaha Falls. Hop on the LRT for the ride back for a seamless multi-modal trip.

Public transportation and bike facilities can all help support multimodal transportation patterns in cities. Learn best practices for integrating bikes and transit more seamlessly. Learn about a low-budget, high-impact model bike station in Winnipeg that is providing space for sharing bicycling skills supporting better city cycling.

bikeLAB by Monica Hutton

Winter cycling is not crazy, it’s sexy and cool. Learn how Winter Bike to Work Day has grown into an international sensation, the fun activities that help Montreal celebrate cycling all year long, grassroots efforts to grow winter cycling in Milwaukee and the best winter cycling campaign in Finland.

The “Cycling Winter” campaign in Finland by Martti Tulenheimo

The four seasons of cycling in Joensuu by Minna Raatikka & Pekka Tahkola

Gamifying winter cycling by Alex Snyder & Jason McDowell

Promoting winter cycling in Montreal by Bartek Komorowski

Facilitators Oboi Reed and Anthony Taylor will lead an interactive journey that will provide participants with the insight to better understand and create a shared definition of Equity. The workshop will challenge participants to make Equity and the creation of Equitable outcomes as the foundation of their advocacy work in active transportation and community development. This journey will present participants with the opportunity and the challenge to: 1) Acknowledge the reality of what communities of color experience in this country. 2) See disparities as the result of inequitable public policy and underinvestment in communities of color not as symptoms of poor decision-making or a lack of proper values. 3) Recognize the complexity of the lived experience of oppressed communities by considering the cumulative, comprehensive effects of different forms of racism on communities, families, and individuals over generations. 4) Maintain hope through the building of a new vision and compelling strategies for our collective work.

Minneapolis has a variety of bikeway types to maintain during the winter. This tour will feature a two-way protected bike lane, a contraflow bike lane, a bike/ped bridge, a bike boulevard, and standard bike lanes. Matthew Dyrdahl, the city’s Bicycle and Pedestrian Coordinator will lead the ride and City Public Works Maintenance Staff will greet participants at a multiple locations to discuss maintenance considerations of different bikeway types.

** State laws and regulations for professional landscape architecture continuing education vary. Winter Cycling Congress courses and activities are not pre-approved for landscape architecture, however to the best of our knowledge this session meets the continuing education requirements of many state licensing boards. Final discretion is up to each board.